Breeding habitat characteristics and nest survival of yellow-rumped flycatcher (Ficedula zanthopygia) in natural tree-cavities

Studies of nest-site selection and reproduction are essential for bird species assessment and conservation. We compared breeding habitats and random sites within a secondary cavity-nesting bird, Yellowrumped Flycatcher (Ficedula zanthopygia), in a 5-year studying period in northeast China. We also modeled the effects of factors on daily nest survival rates. The flycatcher nest cavities were mostly located in tree trunks, with only 15% found in limbs. They often located their nests in east and south direction (45°–180°) with dense canopy cover surrounding the nest trees. Yellow-rumped Flycatcher nest-site selection appears to be nonrandom, such that they select nest sites with higher tree density and higher canopy closure. Yellowrumped Flycatcher daily nest survival rate was 0.9731 ± 0.007. Daily nest survival increased with increasing percent cover of canopy closure and decreased with the distance closing to the edges. The causes for nest failure were mainly nest usurpation by other secondary cavity-nesters. Predation rate and the competition for cavities with other secondary cavity-nesters may constrain the ability of Yellow-rumped Flycatchers to optimize nest nest-site selection.