Early renal damage in patients with sickle cell disease in sub-Saharan Africa: a multinational, prospective, cross-sectional study

Summary Background Chronic kidney disease is one of the leading causes of mortality in patients with sickle cell disease. However, it has been almost exclusively studied in patients with the SS phenotype and in high-income countries, despite more than 80% of patients living in Africa. We looked for the determinants of glomerulopathy in a multinational cohort of patients with sickle cell disease of different phenotypes in sub-Saharan Africa. Methods In the CADRE cohort, we prospectively included patients 3 years and older with sickle cell disease of all haemoglobin phenotypes in Cameroon, Côte d'Ivoire, Mali, and Senegal. All individuals were assessed at steady state. The main outcome of interest was albuminuria defined as a urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio of greater than 30 mg/g. We investigated the clinical and biological determinants (including haemolysis markers) of albuminuria in two main phenotype groups (SS and Sβ0 ; SC and Sβ+ ) with further stratification by age and country. Findings The study is ongoing because of follow-up. 2582 patients with sickle cell disease were included (1776 SS, 136 Sβ0 , 511 SC, and 159 Sβ+ ). 644 patients with the SS and Sβ0 phenotypes (33·7%, 95% CI 31·6–35·8) and 110 with the SC and Sβ+ phenotypes (16·4%, 13·6–19·2) had albuminuria. In the SS and Sβ0 group, albuminuria was detected in 144 (27%) of 527 children younger than 10 years and its frequency increased with age (29 [48%] of 60 patients aged >40 years). Multivariable analysis showed that albuminuria was associated with age (odds ratio 1·43, 95% CI 1·20–1·71; p