Teasing apart crypsis and aposematism – evidence that disruptive coloration reduces predation on a noxious toad

Both cryptic and aposematic colour patterns can reduce predation risk to prey. These distinct strategies may not be mutually exclusive, because the impact of prey coloration depends on a predator's sensory system and cognition and on the environmental background. Determining whether prey signals are cryptic or aposematic is a prerequisite for understanding the ecological and evolutionary implications of predator–prey interactions. This study investigates whether coloration and pattern in an exceptionally polymorphic toad, Rhinella alata, from Barro Colorado Island, Panama reduces predation via background matching, disruptive coloration, and/or aposematic signaling. When clay model replicas of R. alata were placed on leaf litter, the model's dorsal pattern – but not its colour – affected attack rates by birds. When models were placed on white paper, patterned and un‐patterned replicas had similar attack rates by birds. These results indicate that dorsal patterns in R. alata are functionally cryptic and emphasize the potential effectiveness of disruptive coloration in a vertebrate taxon.