Induction of DNA Methylation by Artificial piRNA Production in Male Germ Cells

Global DNA demethylation and subsequent de novo DNA methylation take place in mammalian male embryonic germ cells [1–3]. P-element-induced wimpy testis (PIWI)-interacting RNAs (piRNAs), which are germline-specific small RNAs, have been postulated to be critically important for de novo DNA methylation of retrotransposon genes, and many proteins, including PIWI family proteins, play pivotal roles in this process [4–6]. In the embryonic mouse testis, two mouse PIWI proteins, mouse PIWI-like (MILI) and mouse PIWI2 (MIWI2), are involved in the biogenesis of piRNAs through the so-called ping-pong amplification cycle [7–10], and long single-stranded RNAs transcribed from the gene regions of piRNA clusters have been proposed to be the initial material [11–16]. However, it remains unclear whether transcription from the piRNA clusters is required for the biogenesis of piRNAs. To answer this question, we developed a novel artificial piRNA production system by simple expression of sense and antisense EGFP mRNAs in embryonic male germ cells in the piRNA biogenesis phase. EGFP expression was silenced by piRNA-dependent DNA methylation, indicating that concomitant expression of sense and antisense RNA transcripts is necessary and sufficient for piRNA production and subsequent piRNA-dependent gene silencing. In addition, we demonstrated that this artificial piRNA induction paradigm could be applied to an endogenous gene essential for spermatogenesis, DNMT3L [3, 17, 18]. This study not only provides novel insights into the molecular mechanisms of piRNA production, but also presents an innovative strategy for inducing epigenetic modification in germ cells. [Display omitted] •Concomitant expression of sense and antisense EGFP transgenes induced EGFP piRNAs•EGFP transgenes were silenced by piRNA pathway-dependent DNA methylation•piRNA-dependent gene silencing was introduced into the endogenous Dnmt3L gene•Our piRNA induction system should be useful for the study of epigenetic inheritance Itou et al. established an artificial piRNA production system by the concomitant expression of sense and antisense mRNAs in murine embryonic testes. This system made it possible to induce gene-specific DNA methylation by piRNAs in male germ cells and would be useful for the study of transgenerational epigenetic inheritance.