Evaluation of water movement and nitrate dynamics in a lysimeter planted with an orange tree

•HYDRUS-2/3D was calibrated for moisture distribution and drainage in a lysimeter with an orange.•Simulated water uptake by orange tree amounted to 40% of the water applied.•Seasonal NO3-N leaching accounted for 18.4% of nitrogen applied as fertilizer.•Water stress increased NO3-N uptake efficiency.•Excess irrigation reduced N uptake efficiency and increased the danger of nitrate leaching. Adoption of high input irrigation management systems for South Australian horticultural crops seeks to provide greater control over timing of irrigation and fertilizer applications. The HYDRUS 2D/3D model was used to simulate water movement in the soil under an orange tree planted in a field lysimeter supplied with 68.6mm of irrigation water over 29 days. Simulated volumetric water contents statistically matched those measured using a capacitance soil water probe. Statistical measures (MAE, RMSE, tcal) indicating the correspondence between measured and simulated moisture content were within the acceptable range. The modelling efficiency (E) and the relative efficiency (RE) were in the satisfactory range, except RE at day 19. Simulated daily and cumulative drainage fluxes also matched measured values well. Cumulative drainage flux was 48.9% of applied water, indicating large water losses even under controlled water applications. High drainage losses were due to light texture of the soil and high rainfall (70mm) during the experimental period. Simulated root water uptake was 40% of applied water. The calibrated HYDRUS model was also used to evaluate several scenarios involving nitrate fertigation. The numerical analysis of NO3-N dynamics showed that 25.5% of applied fertilizer was taken up by the orange tree within 15 days of fertigation commencement. The rest of the applied NO3-N (74.5%) remained in the soil, available for uptake, but was also vulnerable to leaching later in the growing season. The seasonal simulation revealed that NO3-N leaching accounted for 50.2% of nitrogen applied as fertilizer, and plant N recovery amounted to 42.1%. The scenario analysis further revealed that timing of a nitrogen application in an irrigation event had little impact on its uptake by citrus in the lysimeter. However, slightly higher NO3-N uptake efficiency occurred when fertigation was applied late in the daily irrigation schedule, or was spread out across all irrigation pulses, rather than being applied early or in the middle. Modelling also revealed that pulsing of irrigation had l