Costs of Real-Life Endovascular Treatment of Critical Limb Ischemia: Report from Poland—A European Union Country with a Low-Budget Health Care System

Background To analyze the costs of inhospital, percutaneous treatment of patients with critical limb ischemia (CLI) carried out in Poland, a European Union country with a low-budget national health system. Methods A retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data on all patients admitted to a tertiary care hospital for endovascular treatment of CLI over 1 year. Setting A single, large volume, tertiary angiology center located in Southern Poland. Participants CLI patients due to aortoiliac, femoropopliteal, or infrapopliteal arterial stenoses or occlusions with indications for first-line endovascular therapy or similar patients who refused open surgical procedure despite having primary indications for vascular surgery. Interventions Direct stenting using bare-metal stents was the primary mode of treatment for lesions located within the aortoiliac and femoropopliteal arterial segments. Plain old balloon angioplasty (POBA) was the second most commonly used technique. For below-the-knee arteries, POBA was the mainstay of treatment, which was occasionally supported by drug-eluting stent angioplasty. Directional atherectomy, scoring balloon angioplasty, or local fibrinolysis was used infrequently. Drug-eluting balloon percutaneous transluminal angioplasty was not used. Main Outcome Measures The main outcome measures were the mean reimbursement of costs provided by the Polish National Health Fund (NHF) for inhospital treatment of patients for whom endovascular procedures were performed as initial treatment for CLI and the inhospital costs of endovascular treatment calculated by the caregiver in the 2 years since the first procedure. The average total number of days spent in hospital, amputation-free survival (AFS), overall survival (OS), and limb salvage rate (LSR) according to a life-table method were also calculated for the 2 years. Results In the first year, there were 496 endovascular and 15 surgical hospitalizations for revascularization procedures to treat 340 limbs in 327 patients, with a further 53 revascularization procedures in the second year. There were an additional 90 hospitalizations over the first year and 38 over the second year for CLI-associated cardiovascular comorbidities. The mean reimbursement for hospitalizations of patients included into observation, provided by the NHF, was $4901.94 per patient for the first year and $833.57 per patient alive to the second year. The mean cost of hospitalization for percutaneous revascularization t