Using cell structures to develop functional nanomaterials and nanostructures - case studies of actin filaments and microtubules

This article is based on the continued development of biologically relevant elements ( i.e. , actin filaments and microtubules in living cells) as building blocks to create functional nanomaterials and nanostructures that can then be used to manufacture nature-inspired small-scale devices or systems. Here, we summarize current progress in the field and focus specifically on processes characterized by (1) robustness and ease of use, (2) inexpensiveness, and (3) potential expandability to mass production. This article, we believe, will provide scientists and engineers with a more comprehensive understanding of how to mine biological materials and natural design features to construct functional materials and devices. Actin filaments and microtubules are utilized as building blocks to create functional nanomaterials and nanostructures for nature-inspired small-scale devices and systems.