Revised Lake Erie Postglacial Lake Level History Based on New Detailed Bathymetry

Holocene lake level history and paleogeography of Lake Erie are re-interpreted with the aid of new bathymetry, existing water budget data, and published information. Morphology and elevation of present and former shoreline features (sand ridges, forelands, spits, bars, and fans) record the water level at which they were formed. Of eighteen such features observed in Lake Erie, six occur nearshore and were formed at or near present lake level, and twelve features apparently formed at lower lake levels. It seems likely that lake level fell below the level of the outlet sill during the 9–6 ka climate optimum, when warmer and drier conditions prevailed. During such times lake level likely rose and fell as controlled by the water budget, within a window of constraint imposed by increases and decreases in evaporation, which would have varied directly with lake surface area. Near Buffalo, possible shoreline features occurring 3–6 km offshore at depths of 9–12 m could have formed at lower lake levels. Annual water volumes in each term of the water budget, (runoff, precipitation, and evaporation) are large relative to the volumetric capacity of Lake Erie itself. Such events as introduction of even a modest amount of upper Great Lakes water, or the onset of cooler and less dry climate conditions, could cause significant, rapid, lake level rise. Schematic reconstructions illustrate changing paleogeography and a Holocene lake level history which has varied with: blocking/ unblocking of outlet sills; erosion of outlet sills; distance from outlet sills; differential isostatic rebound; upper Great Lakes drainage flowing into or bypassing the lake; and climate-driven water budget of the Lake Erie drainage basin.