Support vectors-based groundwater head observation networks design

This study presents a methodology for designing long‐term groundwater head monitoring networks in order to reduce spatial redundancy. A spatially redundant well does not change the potentiometric surface estimation error appreciably, if not sampled. This methodology, based on Support Vector Machines, makes use of a uniquely solvable quadratic optimization problem that minimizes the bound on generalized risk, rather than just the mean square error of differences between measured and “predicted” groundwater head values. The nature of the optimization problem results in sparse approximation of the function defining the potentiometric surface that was utilized to select the number and locations of long‐term monitoring wells and guide future data collection efforts, which is a prerequisite in building and calibrating regional flow and transport models. The methodology is applied to the design of regional groundwater monitoring networks in the Water Resources Inventory Area (WRIA) 1, Whatcom County, northern Washington State, USA.