THE REASONABLENESS OF A RACE-BASED SUSPICION: THE FOURTH AMENDMENT AND THE COSTS AND BENEFITS OF RACIAL PROFILING IN IMMIGRATION ENFORCEMENT

Claudia, a Mexican American with family roots in the United States since the mid-1800s, walked out of a grocery store, happily chatting with her three young children in Spanish as they walked toward her car.1 Before arriving at her car, she was stopped by government officials and asked for proof of citizenship.2 Speaking to the officers in accent-free English, she explained that she is in fact a United States citizen, offering her driver's license as proof.3 After rejecting her driver's license, the officers requested another form of identification as proof that she was in the United States legally.4 Eventually, Claudia gave the officers something that satisfied them, and they allowed her to continue with her children to her car.5. Adapted from the source document.