Metabolic Activation of the Tobacco Carcinogen 4-(Methylnitrosamino)-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone by Cytochrome P450 2A13 in Human Fetal Nasal Microsomes

Among human P450s studied to date, P450 2A13 is the most efficient catalyst of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) α-hydroxylation. This reaction is a key bioactivation pathway in NNK-induced carcinogenesis. P450 2A13 mRNA has been detected in human tissues, but it is unknown whether the enzyme is functional in vivo. Therefore, we studied NNK α-hydroxylation in human fetal nasal mucosal microsomes, which have been shown to contain high levels of P450 2A protein, presumed to be a mixture of P450 2A6 and 2A13. The microsomes efficiently catalyzed NNK α-hydroxylation at the methylene and methyl carbons, as well as carbonyl reduction. Antibodies against mouse P450 2A5 inhibited α-hydroxylation by these microsomes greater than 90%. K m and V max values for α-methylene hydroxylation were 6.5 ± 1.1 μM and 3.0 ± 0.1 pmol/min/mg; for α-methyl hydroxylation, they were 6.7 ± 0.8 μM and 0.85 ± 0.03 pmol/min/mg. The K m values agree closely with those for NNK metabolism by P450 2A13. Using a new technique, we separated P450 2A13 from P450 2A6 by sodium dodecyl sulfate−polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Quantitative immunoblot analysis indicated that the level of P450 2A13 in the pooled fetal nasal microsome sample used for kinetic analysis was approximately 1.6 pmol/mg protein. In the same sample, P450 2A6 was not detected (detection limit, 67 fmol/mg protein). These kinetic, immunoinhibition, and immunoblot data confirm that P450 2A13 is a functional enzyme and the catalyst of NNK α-hydroxylation in human fetal nasal mucosa. The results are also the first to demonstrate high efficiency NNK α-hydroxylation in a human tissue.