Crystal Structures of HIV-1 Tat-derived Nonapeptides Tat-(1-9) and Trp super(2)-Tat-(1-9) Bound to the Active Site of Dipeptidyl-peptidase IV (CD26)

CD26 or dipeptidyl-peptidase IV (DPPIV) is engaged in immune functions by co-stimulatory effects on activation and proliferation of T lymphocytes, binding to adenosine deaminase, and regulation of various chemokines and cytokines. DPPIV peptidase activity is inhibited by both Tat protein from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 and its N-terminal nonapeptide Tat-(1-9) with amino acid sequence MDPVDPNIE, suggesting that DPPIV mediates immunosuppressive effects of Tat protein. The 2.0- and 3.15-Aa resolution crystal structures of the binary complex between human DPPIV and nonapeptide Tat-(1-9) and the ternary complex between the variant MWPVDPNIE, called Trp super(2)-Tat-(1-9), and DPPIV bound to adenosine deaminase show that Tat-(1-9) and Trp super(2)-Tat-(1-9) are located in the active site of DPPIV. The interaction pattern of DPPIV with Trp super(2)-Tat-(1-9) is tighter than that with Tat-(1-9), in agreement with inhibition constants (K sub(i)) of 2 x 10 super(-6) and 250 x super(10-6) M, respectively. Both peptides cannot be cleaved by DPPIV because the binding pockets of the N-terminal 2 residues are interchanged compared with natural substrates: the N-terminal methionine occupies the hydrophobic S1 pocket of DPPIV that normally accounts for substrate specificity by binding the penultimate residue. Because the N-terminal sequence of the thromboxane A2 receptor resembles the Trp super(2)-Tat-(1-9) peptide, a possible interaction with DPPIV is postulated.