Induction by adozelesin and hydroxyurea of origin recognition complex-dependent DNA damage and DNA replication checkpoints in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

DNA damaging agents induce a conserved intra-S-phase checkpoint that inhibits DNA replication in eukaryotic cells. To better understand this checkpoint and its role in determining the efficacy of antitumor drugs that damage DNA, we examined the effects of adozelesin, a DNA-alkylating antitumor agent that has a profound inhibitory effect on initiation of DNA replication in mammals, on the replication of Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosomes. Adozelesin inhibited initiation of S. cerevisiae DNA replication by inducing an intra-S-phase DNA damage checkpoint. This inhibitory effect was abrogated in orc2–1 cells containing a temperature-sensitive mutation in a component of the origin recognition complex (ORC) that also causes a defect in initiation. The orc2–1 mutation also caused a defect in a checkpoint that regulates the activation of origins in late S phase in cells treated with hydroxyurea. Defects in both initiation and checkpoint regulation in the orc2–1 strain were suppressed by deletion of a gene encoding a putative acetyltransferase, SAS2 . Adozelesin also induced a cellular response that requires a function of ORC in G 1 . A similar G 1 -specific response in mammals may contribute to the cytotoxic and antitumor properties of this and other DNA-damaging drugs.