Is there a place for brachytherapy in the salvage treatment of cervical lymph node metastases of head and neck cancers?

Abstract Purpose Therapeutic options are limited for unresectable isolated cervical lymph node recurrences. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the feasibility, safety, and efficacy of high-dose-rate (HDR) and pulsed-dose-rate (PDR) brachytherapy (BT) in such cases. Methods and Materials Sixty patients have been analyzed. All them had previously been treated with radical radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy with or without surgery. PDR-BT and HDR-BT were used in 49 and 11 patients, respectively. In PDR-BT, a dose per pulse of 0.6–0.8 Gy (median 0.7 Gy) was given up to a median total dose of 20 Gy (range, 20–40 Gy). HDR-BT delivered a median total dose of 24 Gy (range, 7–60 Gy) in 3–10 fractions at 3–6 Gy per fraction. Results The overall survival and lymph node control rates at 1 and 2 years were estimated for 31.7% and 19%, and 41.4% and 27.3%, respectively. Serious late side effects (soft tissue necrosis) were observed in 11.7% of patients. Adverse events occurred statistically more often in patients >59 years ( p = 0.02). Conclusions HDR-BT and PDR-BT are feasible in previously irradiated patients with isolated regional lymph node metastases of head and neck cancers. The techniques should be considered if surgery is contraindicated. They provide acceptable toxicity and better tumor control than chemotherapy alone.