Chronic stress effects of high doses of vitamin D3 on Megalobrama amblycephala

Dietary vitamin D3 plays an important role in the growth of aquatic animals, but long-term excessive feeding has potential hazards. In this study, Megalobrama amblycephala specimens were fed different experimental diets with 2000 IU/kg or 200,000 IU/kg of vitamin D3 for 90 days, in order to evaluate chronic stress effects of high doses of vitamin D3 on growth, immunity, and structural damage to enterohepatic tissues. The results showed that high doses of vitamin D3 did not have a significant influence on the growth performance of M. amblycephala (P > 0.05), but it significantly reduced the survival rate after infection by Aeromonas hydrophila (P