Syrphidae: can they be used as environmental bioindicators?

With nearly 6000 species, Syrphidae represents one of the largest families of Diptera. Their widespread distribution, availability of excellent taxonomic keys for species identification (particularly in Europe), and differences in environmental requirements of larvae are features that promote Syrphidae as potentially good bioindicators. This paper presents a brief description of Syrphid morphology, biology and collection methods, followed by examples of their application as monitors of environmental conditions. Given the high mobility of adults, Syrphidae are probably most suitable for environmental evaluation at a larger scale, e.g., for assessment of landscape diversity. Future research aimed at a better understanding the environmental requirements of both adults and larvae should promote the utilization of these insects as bioindicators.