Protein kinase Cδ regulates nuclear export of FOXO1 through phosphorylation of the chaperone 14-3-3ζ

Aims/hypothesis Forkhead box protein O1 (FOXO1) is a transcription factor essential for beta cell fate. Protein kinase B-dependent phosphorylation of FOXO1 at S256 (P-FOXO1) enables its binding to 14-3-3 dimers and nuclear export. Dephosphorylated FOXO1 enters nuclei and activates pro-apoptotic genes. Since our previous observations suggest that protein kinase C delta (PKCδ) induces nuclear accumulation of FOXO1, the underlying mechanism was examined. Methods In human islets, genetically modified mice and INS-1E cells apoptosis was assessed by TUNEL staining. Subcellular translocation of proteins was examined by confocal microscopy and signalling pathways were analysed by western blotting and overlay assay. Results In PKCδ-overexpressing (PKCδ-tg) mouse islet cells and INS-1E cells FOXO1 accumulated in nuclei, surprisingly, as P-FOXO1. PKCδ-tg decelerated IGF-1-dependent stimulation of nuclear export, indicating that changes in export caused nuclear retention of P-FOXO1. Nuclear accumulation of P-FOXO1 was accompanied by increased phosphorylation of 14-3-3ζ at S58 and reduced dimerisation of 14-3-3ζ. Palmitic acid further augmented phosphorylation of 14-3-3ζ and triggered nuclear accumulation of FOXO1 in both INS-1E and human islet cells. Furthermore, the overexpression of a phosphomimicking mutant of 14-3-3ζ (S58D) enhanced nuclear FOXO1. In accordance with the nuclear accumulation of P-FOXO1, PKCδ overexpression alone did not increase apoptotic cell death. Additionally, insulin secretion and glucose homeostasis in PKCδ-overexpressing mice remained unaffected. Conclusions/interpretation These results suggest that PKCδ-mediated phosphorylation of 14-3-3ζ contributes to the nuclear retention of FOXO1, even when FOXO1 is phosphorylated as under non-stress conditions. P-FOXO1 does not induce pro-apoptotic genes, but may rather exert beneficial effects on beta cells.