Unique toxic peptides isolated from sawfly larvae in three continents

d-Amino acid containing peptides have been found to be responsible for sawfly larvae poisoning in many parts of the world. These compounds, unique in the animal kingdom, were isolated from three different species of sawfly indigenous to Australia, Denmark and South America. The octapeptide, lophyrotomin, is the major toxin in the Australian and Danish species and is present in small amounts in the South American sawfly. Pergidin, the main toxin in the South American sawfly, is a heptapeptide containing a phosphoseryl residue. This, as far as we are aware, is the first example of such a peptide to be isolated from an animal source. Small amounts of pergidin have been found in the other two species. All available evidence suggests that both peptides are biosynthesised `de novo' possibly as a protective device, however it cannot be excluded that microorganisms may be responsible. These compounds are stable to enzymatic breakdown because of their configuration and their strong chemical bonding and lipophilic character provide a potential for residues to remain in the host animal and cause significant changes.