Hierarchical Nanostructured WO3 with Biomimetic Proton Channels and Mixed Ionic-Electronic Conductivity for Electrochemical Energy Storage

Protein channels in biologic systems can effectively transport ions such as proton (H+), sodium (Na+), and calcium (Ca+) ions. However, none of such channels is able to conduct electrons. Inspired by the biologic proton channels, we report a novel hierarchical nanostructured hydrous hexagonal WO3 (h-WO3) which can conduct both protons and electrons. This mixed protonic–electronic conductor (MPEC) can be synthesized by a facile single-step hydrothermal reaction at low temperature, which results in a three-dimensional nanostructure self-assembled from h-WO3 nanorods. Such a unique h-WO3 contains biomimetic proton channels where single-file water chains embedded within the electron-conducting matrix, which is critical for fast electrokinetics. The mixed conductivities, high redox capacitance, and structural robustness afford the h-WO3 with unprecedented electrochemical performance, including high capacitance, fast charge/discharge capability, and very long cycling life (>50 000 cycles without capacitance decay), thus providing a new platform for a broad range of applications.