Remarkable salinity tolerance of seven species of naked amoebae (gymnamoebae)

The salinity tolerance of naked amoebae collected from sites ranging from ca. 0[per thousand] to 160[per thousand] were compared in laboratory experiments. Amoebae were collected from hypersaline ponds around the perimeter of the Salton Sea, California, where salinities averaged 160[per thousand], and directly from the shoreline waters of the Sea where salinities were generally between 44 and 48[per thousand]. Naked amoebae were also collected from the intertidal zone of a Florida beach, a habitat subject (on occasion) to salinity fluctuations within the range 6-85[per thousand]. From these combined sites, 6 clones of amoebae were isolated for salinity tolerance experiments (2 marine beach isolates, 2 Salton Sea isolates, and 2 hypersaline pond isolates). A seventh clone, Acanthamoeba polyphaga, a common freshwater/soil amoeba, was obtained from a Culture Collection. Laboratory experiments compared the effects of gradually changing culture salinity versus no salinity acclimatization. Growth rate and culture yield were used as indices of effect. Generally, amoebae were tolerant over a wide range of salinity conditions (in terms of growth and yield) and were not markedly influenced by pre-conditioning to salinity changes throughout the experiments. Overall, the freshwater amoeba Acanthamoeba grew between 0 and 12[per thousand], the marine clones grew in the range of 2-120[per thousand], and the Salton Sea clones reproduced between 0 and 138 [per thousand]. The hypersaline clones were the most resilient and grew between 0 and 270[per thousand] salt. The survival and activity of large populations of naked amoebae in sites subject to salinity fluctuations suggest that they should be considered in future studies to better understand their, as yet, undefined ecological role.[PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]