Fighting microbial infections: A lesson from amphibian skin-derived esculentin-1 peptides

•N-terminal derivatives of a frog skin peptide with anti-Pseudomonal/Candida activity.•The mechanism relies on a fast membranolytic action on planktonic and biofilm forms.•In vivo efficacy in murine models of lung/ocular Pseudomonas-induced infection.•Ability to block Candida hyphal formation in a whole living organism.•Promising candidates for new anti-infectives in human and veterinary medicine. Due to the growing emergence of resistance to commercially available antibiotics/antimycotics in virtually all clinical microbial pathogens, the discovery of alternative anti-infective agents, is greatly needed. Gene-encoded antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) hold promise as novel therapeutics. In particular, amphibian skin is one of the richest storehouses of AMPs, especially that of the genus Rana, with esculentins-1 being among the longest (46 amino acids) AMPs found in nature to date. Here, we report on the recently discovered in vitro and in vivo activities and mechanism of action of two derivatives of the N-terminal part of esculentin-1a and -1b peptides, primarily against two relevant opportunistic microorganisms causing a large number of life-threatening infections worldwide; i.e. the Gram-negative bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the yeast Candida albicans. Because of distinct advantages compared to several mammalian AMPs, the two selected frog skin AMP-derivatives represent attractive candidates for the development of new antimicrobial compounds with expanded properties, for both human and veterinary medicine.