Sibelius, Gallen-Kallela, and the symposium : painting music in fin-de-siècle Finland

The painter Akseli Gallen-Kallela and composer Jean Sibelius enjoyed a complex friendship across media in the final decade of the nineteenth century as members of a group of young artist-intellectuals that called itself "The symposium." This paper studies Gallen-Kallelas images of Sibelius and of his work, centering on the idea of natural music, with which the composer was especially closely associated. [Publication abstract]