Infinitely Multiple Steps in Magnetization of Ferro- and Antiferromagnetic Ising Models with Frustration on a Diamond Hierarchical Lattice

Magnetizations of ferro- and antiferromagnetic Ising models with frustration on diamond hierarchical lattices are exactly obtained at zero temperature. For the zero-field classical spin-liquid phase found in [Kobayashi et al., J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 78, 074004 (2009)], for which frustrating interactions play an important role, an infinitely small applied magnetic field can induce an infinitely small magnetization, despite classical Ising models that have discrete energy levels. In antiferromagnetic systems, the magnetization cannot saturate under finite magnetic fields owing to the competition between the unfrustrating antiferromagnetic interaction and the Zeeman interaction and an intrinsic long-range nature of hierarchical lattices.