Novel urinary biomarkers for diagnosing bipolar disorder

Bipolar disorder (BD) is a debilitating mental disorder. However, there are no biomarkers available to support objective laboratory testing for this disorder. Here, a nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy-based metabonomic method was used to characterize the urinary metabolic profiling of BD subjects and healthy controls in order to identify and validate urinary metabolite biomarkers for BD. Four metabolites, α-hydroxybutyrate, choline, isobutyrate, and N -methylnicotinamide, were defined as biomarkers. A combined panel of these four urinary metabolites could effectively discriminate between BD subjects and healthy controls, achieving an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.89 in a training set ( n = 60 BD patients and n = 62 controls). Moreover, this urinary biomarker panel was capable of discriminating blinded test samples ( n = 26 BD patients and n = 34 controls) with an AUC of 0.86. These findings suggest that a urine-based laboratory test using these biomarkers may be useful in the diagnosis of BD.