Constant Insertion Rate Methodology for Measuring Torque and Apical Force in 3 Nickel-Titanium Instruments with Different Cross-sectional Designs

Abstract Introduction The aim of this study was to evaluate the cutting characteristics of 3 nickel-titanium instruments with different cross-sectional designs using a recently developed methodology. Methods Insertion tests at a constant rate of 5.4 mm/min were performed on a bench test device by measuring the torque and apical force required for penetrating prefabricated acrylic blocks containing an artificial canal preflared with #10 and #15 K-files. Size 20/.06 Mtwo (VDW, Munich, Germany) and RaCe (FKG, La-Chaux De Fonds, Switzerland) instruments, together with ProTaper Universal (PTU) F1 instruments (Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland) (10 instruments of each type), were tested using an endodontic motor set at 300 rpm and 5 N·cm. The instruments were characterized with respect to the pitch length, rake angle, and cross-sectional area. Statistical analysis was performed with analysis of variance (α = 0.05). Results The torque was significantly lower for Mtwo compared with the other 2 groups ( P