Sex-based biomedical research policy needs an implementation plan

Furthermore, we challenge scientists to include both male and female animals to promote comparison of results. Since the passage of the NIH Revitalization Act in 1993, there has been an increased enrollment of women in clinical trials, thereby demonstrating that enacted public policies can change the way scientists conduct their work. Arguments against the study of both sexes at the preclinical research level center around duplication of efforts, increased costs and additional time.\n As we continue to learn more about sex differences that impact health beyond the reproductive system, it becomes imperative that we include instruction on sex differences in our medical school curriculum and in continuing education programming for medical school and clinical research faculty.