Rare earth elements as reactive tracers of biogeochemical weathering in forested rhyolitic terrain

Rare earth elements (REEs) were evaluated as potential tracers of biogeochemical weathering at pedon, hillslope, and catchment scales in the Jemez River Basin Critical Zone Observatory (JRB-CZO), Valles Caldera National Preserve, NM, USA. We investigated time series of REE patterns in precipitation, soil pore water, groundwater, and stream water, and related these data to REE composition of soil, rock and atmospheric dust. REE signatures in stream waters are dynamic, reflecting processes that occur along hydrologic flowpaths during transport to the stream, including organic matter complexation, primary and secondary mineral weathering, water/soil/bedrock interaction, and atmospheric deposition. Strong compositional similarities for the REE between soil waters and stream waters during the initial snowmelt are consistent with shallow subsurface flows to streams. Most (bio)chemical denudation of REE occurred during the snowmelt-derived dissolved organic carbon (DOC) pulse, during which time apparent colloidal mobilization of REE occurred in association with Fe and Al (oxy)hydroxides. The REE and DOC concentrations in stream waters were positively correlated (R2=0.80, p