Studies on various drag models in fluidized bed for abatement of environmental pollution

The need for cleaner and ecologically balanced energy has increased over the past few decades. A new and advanced technology in the form of fluidized bed has given a better solution to solve the energy needs of the people. The gasification and combustion process through fluidized beds are complex and very difficult to understand. In order to understand the hydrodynamics, exhaust and in-situ phenomena in these fluidized beds, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations are being carried out with the help of drag models. These drag models describe the momentum transfer between different phases, namely solid or particle phase and fluid phase. The present work is a review of nine different drag models, namely Syamlal O'Brien model, Representative Unit Cell (RUC) model, Hill Koch Ladd (HKL) model, macroscopic model, space-averaged model, Ergun/Wen-Yu model, Richardson-Zaki model, energy minimization multi-scale (EMMS) model and Gidaspow model based on imitation of actual experimental results, under varying operating conditions.