Interannual variability of sea-ice cover in Hudson bay, Baffin bay and the Labrador sea

The spatial and temporal relationships between subarctic Canadian sea-ice cover and atmospheric forcing are investigated by analysing sea-ice concentration, sea-level pressure and surface air temperature data from 1953 to 1988. The sea-ice anomalies in Hudson Bay, Baffin Bay and the Labrador Sea are found to be related to the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and the Southern Oscillation (SO). Through a spatial Student's i-test and a Monte Carlo simulation, it is found that sea-ice cover in both Hudson Bay and the Baffin Bay-Labrador Sea region responds to a Low/Wet episode of the SO (defined as the period when the SO index becomes negative) mainly in summer. In this case, the sea-ice cover has a large positive anomaly that starts in summer and continues through to autumn. The ice anomaly is attributed to the negative anomalies in the regional surface air temperature record during the summer and autumn when the Low/Wet episode is developing. During strong winter westerly wind events of the NAO, the Baffin Bay-Labrador Sea ice cover in winter and spring has a positive anomaly due to the associated negative anomaly in surface air temperature. During the years in which strong westerly NAO and Low/Wet SO events occur simultaneously (as in 1972/73 and 1982/83), the sea ice is found to have large positive anomalies in the study region; in particular, such anomalies occurred for a major portion of one of the two years. A spectral analysis shows that sea-ice fluctuations in the Baffin Bay-Labrador Sea region respond to the SO and surface air temperature at about 1.7-, 5- and 10-year periods. In addition, a noticeable sea-ice change was found (i.e. more polynyas occurred) around the time of the so-called "climate jump" during the early 1960s. Data on ice thickness and on ice-melt dates from Hudson Bay are also used to verify some of the above findings.