Pigments of Bathycoccus prasinos (Prasinophyceae): Methodological and chemosystematic implications

Bathycoccus prasinos Eikrem et Throndsen exhibited a complex carotenoid distribution pattern including the carotenes beta , beta -carotene (0.8% of total carotenoids) and beta , epsilon -carotene (0.4%) and several xanthophylls. These were prasinoxanthin (49% of total carotenoids), micromonal (16%), neoxanthin (14%), uriolide (7%), violaxanthin (0.8%), 3'-dehydrouriolide (0.8%), dihydrolutein (0.1%), two partly characterized esterified carotenols (together 10%), and five minor unidentified carotenols (together 2%). The identifications were based on high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), thin-layer chromatography (TLC), visible spectroscopy (VIS), and mass spectra (MS) and in part on super(1)H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), circular dichroism (CD), and chemical derivatization. The carotenoid composition of B. prasinos was related to that of other prasinoxanthin/uriolide/micromonal-producing prasinophytes. (Mantoniella squamata, Micromonas pusilla, and Pseudoscourfieldia marina). The relative distribution of chlorophylls (w/w) were chlorophyll a (chl a; 63%), chl b (31%), and an unknown chl c-like chlorophyll (7%) with spectral characteristics similar to magnesium 2,4-divinylphaeoporphyrin a sub(5) monomethyl ester, compatible with other prasinophytes. The chemosystematic data and ultrastructural characteristics for the order Mamiellales are discussed. We conclude that HPLC studies alone are insufficient for the identification and characterization of the carotenoids, including the minor carotenoids essential for biosynthetic/chemosystematic considerations.