Effects of Flue Gas Desulfurization and Mined Gypsums on Soil Properties and on Hay and Corn Growth in Eastern Ohio

Gypsum (CaSO4·2H2O) is a quality source of Ca and S and has various beneficial uses that can improve agricultural production. This study was conducted to compare rates of flue gas desulfurization (FGD) gypsum and commercially available agricultural (i.e., mined) gypsum as soil amendments on soils typical of eastern Ohio or western Pennsylvania. Two field experiments were conducted, one involving a mixed grass hay field and the other corn (Zea mays L.). Gypsum was applied once at rates of 0.2, 2.0, and 20 Mg ha−1 and a seventh treatment was a zero rate control. Corn grain yields response to gypsum was mixed with significant differences between low and high gypsum rates in 2010 but not between gypsum and no gypsum treatments. In the hay study, the low and intermediate gypsum rates generally did not result in any significant changes compared with the control treatment. At the high rate of 20 Mg ha−1, the following results were observed for the hay study: (i) both gypsums generally increased Ca, S, and soluble salts (electrical conductivity) in the topsoil and subsoil, when compared with the control; (ii) the FGD gypsum decreased Mg in soil when compared with all other treatments, and mined gypsum decreased Mg when compared with the control; and (iii) there were few effects on soil concentrations of trace elements, including Hg. Also at the high application rate, hay yield for the first cutting (May) in 2009 and 2010 was significantly less for mined and FGD gypsum compared with the control, but increased yields in subsequent cutting resulted in no significant treatment differences in total annual hay yield for 2008, 2009, or 2010 or cumulative yield for 2008 to 2010. Overall, for the hay study, the absence of significant soil chemical effects for the intermediate gypsum rate and the decrease in soil Mg concentrations for the high gypsum rate indicate that an application rate of approximately 2.0 Mg ha−1 would be optimal for this soil.