Hydrodynamics of Lakes Ladoga and Onega

Results of physical experiments and modelling in lakes Ladoga and Onega during the last two decades are presented. Synoptic ship surveys were conducted during the period of thermal bar formation and during full stratification while currents and temperature were recorded using a network of buoys. The primary emphasis is given to the temporal and spatial variability of currents and temperature fields, numerical modelling and model verification. The data obtained and model calculations reveal the fundamental role of wind-induced upwellings, coastal jets, thermal fronts and mesoscale eddies in lake hydrodynamics.