Eating Alone as Social Disengagement is Strongly Associated With Depressive Symptoms in Japanese Community-Dwelling Older Adults

Abstract Objectives Depression in later life poses a grave challenge for the aging countries. The reported key risk factors include social disengagement, but the lack of social companionship during mealtimes, namely eating alone, has not been examined extensively, especially in relation to living arrangement. Past studies on changes along geriatric trajectories in the association between social engagement and depression also remain inadequate. This study aims to examine the association between social engagement and depressive symptoms with a particular focus on eating alone and how the association changes along the aging and mental frailty trajectories. Design A cross-sectional study. Setting Kashiwa-city, Chiba-prefecture in Japan. Participants A total of 1856 community-dwelling older adults. Measurements The 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale was used to measure depressive symptoms. The indicators used to assess social engagement included eating alone, living arrangement, reciprocity of social support, social participation, social stressors and social ties. Results Social engagement was significantly associated with depressive symptoms. Those who live with their families yet eat alone were found to be at particular risk (odds ratio = 5.02, 95% confidence interval 2.5–9.9 for young-old; odds ratio = 2.41, 95% confidence interval 1.2–4.8 for old-old). Younger and less mentally frail populations showed stronger associations. Conclusions Eating alone was a key risk factor for depressive symptoms in community-dwelling older adults. The living arrangement in which they eat alone is important in identifying those with the greatest risk. Mental health management for older adults requires comprehensive assessment of their social relations that takes into account their companionship during mealtimes. Social preventive measures need to involve early interventions in order to augment their effectiveness against mental frailty.