Observation of polymers and biological molecules on surfaces by scanning tunneling microscopy

The paper presents the scanning tunneling microscopic (STM) observations of several natural and synthetic macromolecules on highly oriented pyrolithic graphite and mica surfaces. The interaction of DNA molecules (from both healthy and cancerogeneous cells) and calcium ions were observed. The development of enzyme electrodes in which glucose oxidase and albumin are used in a crosslinked form was also studied in order to get a better understanding of the effects of crosslinking on the molecular conformations of biological molecules. STM images of copolymer micelles and micelles of commercially available emulsifiers were also obtained and studied.