Pathomechanisms of discogenic low back pain in humans and animal models

Abstract Background context Although explored in humans and animal models, the pathomechanisms of discogenic low back pain (LBP) remain unknown. Purpose The aim of this study was to review the literature about the pathomechanisms of discogenic LBP. Methods Animal models of discogenic pain and specimens from degenerated human intervertebral discs (IVDs) have provided clues about the pathomechanisms of discogenic LBP. Painful discs are characterized by a confluence of innervation, inflammation, and mechanical hypermobility. These three possible mechanisms are discussed in this review. Results Animal models and specimens from humans have revealed sensory innervation of lumbar IVDs and sensory nerve ingrowth into the inner layer of IVDs. Cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukins induce this ingrowth. Nerve growth factor has also been recently identified as an inducer of ingrowth. Finally, disc degeneration induces several collagenases; their action results in hypermobility and pain. Conclusions To treat discogenic LBP, it is important to prevent sensitization of sensory nerve fibers innervating the IVD, to suppress pathogenic increases of cytokines, and to decrease disc hypermobility.