Impaired T-cell-dependent protection against Leishmania major infection in HIV-positive patients is associated with worsened disease outcome

Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) patients coinfected with HIV are known to show a more severe, prolonged course of disease; the immunological basis is not known. We now assessed clinical features, sera and skin biopsies of HIV+ and HIV− patients with CL to identify drivers of increased susceptibility to Leishmania. CL lesion numbers, surface, and healing duration were significantly increased in HIV+ as compared to HIV− patients (2.5, 14 and >4‐fold, respectively). Patients with HIV infection exhibited lower serum Leishmania‐specific IgG levels and decreased IL‐6 and IL‐8. Most importantly, dramatically decreased numbers of CD4+ T cells (approximately eightfold), but not CD8+ cells, together with fewer CXCR3+ Th1 cells, fewer Foxp3+ effector/regulatory T cells, and reduced levels of IFN‐γ expression were found in lesional skin. Our findings suggest that compromised CD4+ T‐cell responses may be responsible for worsened disease outcome leading to defects in parasite elimination in the absence of sufficient numbers of IFN‐γ‐producing Th1 cells.