It was ideas and ideologies, not interests or institutions, which changed in Northwestern Europe, 1600–1848

The economic history on which recent economics has been based is erroneous, based on the Marx and Engels of 1848. What actually happened, 1517-1789, in northwestern Europe was the coming, as Schumpeter put it, of a busiess-0respecting civilization. Ideas mattered as much as, and often more than, material or institutional circumstances, such as property law or coal deposits or exploitation. The interest-only theories of Steven Cheung and Douglass North don’t work. We need a “humanomics,” whose killer app is a new and verified theory of how we became rich.