K super(+)-ribosome interactions determine the large enhancements of super(39)K NMR transverse relaxation rates in the cytoplasm of Escherichia coli K-12

As a probe of physical chemical properties of the intracellular environment, we measured super(39)K NMR transverse relaxation rates in concentrated cell slurries of Escherichia coli K-12 grown in minimal medium over a range of osmolarities (from 0.1 to 1.0 OsM) and after plasmolysis. The super(39)K transverse relaxation at a resonance frequency of similar to 18.67 MHz is biexponential under all conditions, and 100% of the expected signal intensity is detected. Both components of the super(39)K NMR transverse relaxation are very fast, and the difference between the fast and slow relaxation rates is very large compared to previous measurements on super(23)Na and super(39)K in protein and nucleic acid solutions in vitro. The super(39)K transverse relaxation rates decrease as the osmolarity of the growth media increases but increase dramatically when cells grown in 0.1 OsM media are plasmolyzed at 1.0 OsM. The homogeneous nature and the 100% visibility of the super(39)K signal indicate the existence of fast exchange among the multiple, magnetically distinguishable populations of super(39)K which probably exist in the cytoplasm. The absence of static quadrupolar splitting of the cytoplasmic super(39)K signal (as indicated by a single peak in the spectrum) indicates that the cytoplasm, as probed by super(39)K NMR, behaves like a concentrated but isotropic nucleic acid solution rather than an anisotropic nucleic acid liquid crystal. To understand the origins of the striking NMR relaxation behavior of super(39)K in viable cells, we have investigated NMR transverse relaxation rates of super(39)K (and also super(23)Na and super(35)Cl) in E. coli 50S and 70S ribosome solutions in vitro. At concentrations of ions and of ribosomes that to the extent possible mimic those of the cytoplasm of E. coli, we find that super(39)K, super(23)Na, and super(35)Cl transverse relaxation rates all exhibit biexponential behavior, and super(39)K and super(23)Na exhibit the large magnitudes and the large difference between the slow and the fast relaxation rates observed in viable cells. These polyanionic ribosome solutions are the only in vitro model system discovered to date that exhibits super(39)K transverse relaxation rates comparable to those in viable cells. We conclude that K super(+)-ribosome interactions are the dominant source of the NMR properties of K super(+) in E. coli. We propose that the relatively small dependence of in vivo super(39)K transverse relaxation rates in the