Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders: beyond longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis

Aim To describe the neuroradiological features and their prevalence in patients with neuromyelitis optica (NMO). Materials and methods Two neuroradiologists independently reviewed 35 spinal cord and 37 brain MRI studies from patients with NMO. The examinations were analysed for the presence of lesion, topography, enhancement, and brain lesions suggestive of multiple sclerosis and/or NMO. Results Seventy percent of the spinal cord lesions involved over three or more vertebral segments. Seventy-eight percent of brain scans were abnormal, and the most prevalent findings were non-specific foci of T2 hyperintensities in the cerebral white matter (55%) and brainstem lesions (52%). One patient had lesions disseminated in space compatible with multiple sclerosis according to 2010 revised McDonald criteria. Brain lesions suggestive of NMO occurred at least once in 17 (59%) patients. Conclusion Spinal cord lesions were often longitudinally extensive and brain lesions were common, with the majority of patients having at least one distinctive NMO lesion.