Insight into structural, elastic, phonon, and thermodynamic properties of α-sulfur and energy-related sulfides: a comprehensive first-principles study

Earth-abundant and nontoxic sulfur (S) is emerging as a key element for developing new materials for sustainable energy. Knowledge gaps, however, still remain regarding the fundamental properties of sulfur especially on a theoretical level. Here, a comprehensive first-principles study has been performed to examine the predicted structural, elastic, phonon, thermodynamic, and optical properties of alpha -S sub(8) ( alpha -S) as well as energy-related sulfides. A variety of exchange-correlation (X-C) functionals and van der Waals corrections in terms of the D3 method have been tested to probe the capability of first-principles calculations. Comparison of predicted quantities with available experimental data indicates that (i) the structural information of alpha -S is described very well using an improved generalized gradient approximation of PBEsol; (ii) the band gap and dielectric tensor of alpha -S are calculated perfectly using a hybrid X-C functional of HSE06; (iii) the phonon and elastic properties of alpha -S are predicted reasonably well using for example the X-C functionals of LDA and PBEsol, and in particular the PBE + D3 and the PBEsol + D3 method; and (iv) the thermodynamic properties of alpha -S are computed accurately using the PBEsol + D3 method. Examinations using Li sub(2)S, CuS, ZnS, Cu sub(2)ZnSnS sub(4) (CZTS), SnS, Sn sub(2)S sub(3), SnS sub(2), beta -S sub(8) ( beta -S), and gamma -S sub(8) ( gamma -S) validate further the crucial role of the van der Waals correction, thus suggesting the X-C functionals are PBEsol + D3 and PBE + D3 (and PBEsol in some cases) for sulfur as well as S-containing materials. We also examine the possibility by using the Debye model to predict thermodynamic properties of unusual materials, for example, alpha -S. In addition, the bonding characteristics and non-polar nature of alpha -S have been revealed quantitatively from phonon calculations and qualitatively from the differential charge density.