Group Therapy for Adolescents With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Objective To determine the efficacy of group cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) on adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) who were in pharmacological treatment but still had persistent symptoms. Method We conducted a multicenter, randomized, rater-blinded, controlled trial between April 2012 and May 2014 in a cohort of 119 adolescents (15–21 years of age). Participants were randomly assigned to 12 manualized group CBT sessions (n = 45) or a waiting list control group (n = 44). Primary outcomes were assessed by a blinded evaluator (ADHD Rating Scale [ADHD-RS], Clinical Global Impression Scale for Severity [CGI-S], Global Assessment of Functioning [GAF]) before and after treatment, as well as by self-report and parent informant ratings. Results Of the initial 119 participants enrolled, 89 completed treatment. A mixed-effects model analysis revealed that participants who were assigned to the group CBT sessions experienced significantly reduced ADHD symptoms compared to the control group (ADHD-RS Adolescent: −7.46, 95% CI = −9.56 to −5.36, p < .001, d = 7.5; ADHD-RS Parents: −9.11, 95% CI = −11.48 to −6.75, p < .001, d = 8.38; CGI-S Self-Report: −0.68, 95% CI = −0.98 to −0.39, p < .001, d = 3.75; CGI-S Clinician: −0.79, 95% CI = −0.95 to −0.62, p < .001; d = 7.71). Functional impairment decreased significantly in the CBT group according to parents (Weiss Functional Impairment Scale −4.02, 95% CI = −7.76 to −0.29, p < .05, d = 2.29) and according to the blinded evaluator (GAF: −7.58, 95% CI = −9.1 to −6.05, p < .001, d = 7.51). Conclusion Group CBT associated with pharmacological treatment is an efficacious intervention for reducing ADHD symptoms and functional impairment in adolescents. Clinical trial registration information —CBT Group for Adolescents With ADHD: a Randomized Controlled Trial; http://clinicaltrials.gov/ ; NCT02172183.