The Pekin duck programmed death-ligand 1: cDNA cloning, genomic structure, molecular characterization and mRNA expression analysis

Summary Programmed death ligand‐1 (PD‐L1) plays an important role in the attenuation of adaptive immune responses in higher vertebrates. Here, we describe the identification of the Pekin duck PD‐L1 orthologue (duPD‐L1) and its gene structure. The duPD‐L1 cDNA encodes a 311‐amino acid protein that has an amino acid identity of 78% and 42% with chicken and human PD‐L1, respectively. Mapping of the duPD‐L1 cDNA with duck genomic sequences revealed an exonic structure of its coding sequence similar to those of other vertebrates but lacked a noncoding exon 1. Homology modelling of the duPD‐L1 extracellular domain was compatible with the tandem IgV‐like and IgC‐like IgSF domain structure of human PD‐L1 (PDB ID: 3BIS). Residues known to be important for receptor binding of human PD‐L1 were mostly conserved in duPD‐L1 within the N‐terminus and the G sheet, and partially conserved within the F sheet but not within sheets C and C'. DuPD‐L1 mRNA was constitutively expressed in all tissues examined with highest expression levels in lung and spleen and very low levels of expression in muscle, kidney and brain. Mitogen stimulation of duck peripheral blood mononuclear cells transiently increased duPD‐L1 mRNA expression. Our observations demonstrate evolutionary conservation of the exonic structure of its coding sequence, the extracellular domain structure and residues implicated in receptor binding, but the role of the longer cytoplasmic tail in avian PD‐L1 proteins remains to be determined.