Mangroves and brackishwater pond culture in the Philippines

Expansion of brackish water aquaculture ponds has contributed to significant mangrove loss in the Philippines since 1920. While production from such ponds rose from 15,900 metric tons in 1938 to 267,000 metric tons in 1990, associated mangrove ecosystem losses of about 50% are attributed to brackish water pond construction. The economic value of unmanaged and managed mangrove forests is comparable to that of profitable pond farming systems. Conservation of remaining mangrove ecosystems and rehabilitation of denuded areas, as well as promotion of sustainable aquaculture, is warranted.