Recent applications of TiO₂ nanomaterials in chemical sensing in aqueous media

TiO₂ is n-type, wide band-gap and environmentally friendly semiconductor with good biocompatibility and stability. On the one hand, owing to the large surface area, TiO₂ nanomaterials possess unique chemical, physical, optical, electronic and photocatalytic properties. On the other hand, a large amount of the TiO₂ nanostructures were synthesized, characterized and available for construction of sensor due to the tremendous efforts from scientists and materials engineers. These bestow the TiO₂ nanomaterials be used as an extremely versatile component to construct a wide range of sensing devices for determination of chemicals in aqueous media. This work aims to review the recent applications of the TiO₂ nanomaterials for fabrication of electrochemical sensors, electrochemical biosensors, photocatalytic sensors and photoelectrocatalytic sensors.