CO sub(2)/oxalate cathodes as safe and efficient alternatives in high energy density metal-air type rechargeable batteries

We present theoretical analysis on why and how rechargeable metal-air type batteries can be made significantly safer and more practical by utilizing CO sub(2)/oxalate conversions instead of O sub(2)/peroxide or O sub(2)/hydroxide ones, in the positive electrode. Metal-air batteries, such as the Li-air one, may have very large energy densities, comparable to that of gasoline, theoretically allowing for long range all-electric vehicles. There are, however, still significant challenges, especially related to the safety of their underlying chemistries, the robustness of their recharging and the need of supplying high purity O sub(2) from air to the battery. We point out that the CO sub(2)/oxalate reversible electrochemical conversion is a viable alternative of the O sub(2)-based ones, allowing for similarly high energy density and almost identical voltage, while being much safer through the elimination of aggressive oxidant peroxides and the use of thermally stable, non-oxidative and environmentally benign oxalates instead.