Effect of chilling of the top part of a steel ingot on the conditions of its crystallization and the quality of forgings obtained from it

The crystallization of a steel ingot is physically modeled to determine features of its solidification and the growth of shrinkage defects. The modeling is done using ingots with a standard hot top and ingots with a chilled top. The results obtained in the modeling were substantiated by a study of the cast structure of actual ingots. The character of the development of carbon, sulfur, and phosphorus segregation over the cross section of ingots is determined along with the location and size of shrinkage defects in ingots cast with tops having different thermal properties. Results are presented from a study of the quality of the metal of tubular forgings obtained from experimental and control ingots.