Differential effects of water-based exercise on the cognitive function in independent elderly adults

Background Physical exercise has been reported to be the most effective method to improve cognitive function and brain health, but there is as yet no research on the effect of water-based exercise. Aims The aim of the present study was to compare the effects of water-based exercise with and without...

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Veröffentlicht in:Aging clinical and experimental research 2015-04, Vol.27 (2), p.149-159
Hauptverfasser: Sato, Daisuke, Seko, Chihiro, Hashitomi, Tatsuya, Sengoku, Yasuo, Nomura, Takeo
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container_end_page 159
container_issue 2
container_start_page 149
container_title Aging clinical and experimental research
container_volume 27
creator Sato, Daisuke
Seko, Chihiro
Hashitomi, Tatsuya
Sengoku, Yasuo
Nomura, Takeo
description Background Physical exercise has been reported to be the most effective method to improve cognitive function and brain health, but there is as yet no research on the effect of water-based exercise. Aims The aim of the present study was to compare the effects of water-based exercise with and without cognitive stimuli on cognitive and physical functions. Methods The design is a single-blind randomized controlled study. Twenty-one participants were randomly assigned to a normal water-based exercise (Nor-WE) group or a cognitive water-based exercise (Cog-WE) group. The exercise sessions were divided into two exercise series: a 10-min series of land-based warm-up, consisting of flexibility exercises, and a 50-min series of exercises in water. The Nor-WE consisted of 10 min of walking, 30 min of strength and stepping exercise, including stride over, and 10 min of stretching and relaxation in water. The Cog-WE consisted of 10 min of walking, 30 min of water-cognitive exercises, and 10 min of stretching and relaxation in water. Cognitive function, physical function, and ADL were measured before the exercise intervention (pre-intervention) and 10 weeks after the intervention (post-intervention). Results Participation in the Cog-WE performed significantly better on the pegboard test and the choice stepping reaction test and showed a significantly improved attention, memory, and learning, and in the general cognitive function (measured as the total score in the 5-Cog test). Participation in the Nor-WE dramatically improved walking ability and lower limb muscle strength. Conclusion Our results reveal that the benefits elderly adults may obtain from water-based exercise depend on the characteristics of each specific exercise program. These findings highlight the importance of prescription for personalized water-based exercises to elderly adults to improve cognitive function.
doi_str_mv 10.1007/s40520-014-0252-9
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Aims The aim of the present study was to compare the effects of water-based exercise with and without cognitive stimuli on cognitive and physical functions. Methods The design is a single-blind randomized controlled study. Twenty-one participants were randomly assigned to a normal water-based exercise (Nor-WE) group or a cognitive water-based exercise (Cog-WE) group. The exercise sessions were divided into two exercise series: a 10-min series of land-based warm-up, consisting of flexibility exercises, and a 50-min series of exercises in water. The Nor-WE consisted of 10 min of walking, 30 min of strength and stepping exercise, including stride over, and 10 min of stretching and relaxation in water. The Cog-WE consisted of 10 min of walking, 30 min of water-cognitive exercises, and 10 min of stretching and relaxation in water. Cognitive function, physical function, and ADL were measured before the exercise intervention (pre-intervention) and 10 weeks after the intervention (post-intervention). Results Participation in the Cog-WE performed significantly better on the pegboard test and the choice stepping reaction test and showed a significantly improved attention, memory, and learning, and in the general cognitive function (measured as the total score in the 5-Cog test). Participation in the Nor-WE dramatically improved walking ability and lower limb muscle strength. Conclusion Our results reveal that the benefits elderly adults may obtain from water-based exercise depend on the characteristics of each specific exercise program. These findings highlight the importance of prescription for personalized water-based exercises to elderly adults to improve cognitive function.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1720-8319</identifier><identifier>ISSN: 1594-0667</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1720-8319</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1007/s40520-014-0252-9</identifier><identifier>PMID: 24965855</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Cham: Springer International Publishing</publisher><subject>Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Cognition ; Cognitive ability ; Exercise - physiology ; Female ; Geriatrics/Gerontology ; Humans ; Male ; Medicine ; Medicine &amp; Public Health ; Middle Aged ; Original Article ; Single-Blind Method ; Walking ; Walking - physiology ; Water</subject><ispartof>Aging clinical and experimental research, 2015-04, Vol.27 (2), p.149-159</ispartof><rights>Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014</rights><rights>Aging Clinical and Experimental Research is a copyright of Springer, (2014). All Rights Reserved.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c508t-6e3d29be2b1f0785bb981f3605a865ca546d03a127103cb1209edcc74ff33f863</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c508t-6e3d29be2b1f0785bb981f3605a865ca546d03a127103cb1209edcc74ff33f863</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40520-014-0252-9$$EPDF$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://link.springer.com/10.1007/s40520-014-0252-9$$EHTML$$P50$$Gspringer$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,27903,27904,41466,42535,51296</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24965855$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Sato, Daisuke</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Seko, Chihiro</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hashitomi, Tatsuya</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sengoku, Yasuo</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nomura, Takeo</creatorcontrib><title>Differential effects of water-based exercise on the cognitive function in independent elderly adults</title><title>Aging clinical and experimental research</title><addtitle>Aging Clin Exp Res</addtitle><addtitle>Aging Clin Exp Res</addtitle><description>Background Physical exercise has been reported to be the most effective method to improve cognitive function and brain health, but there is as yet no research on the effect of water-based exercise. Aims The aim of the present study was to compare the effects of water-based exercise with and without cognitive stimuli on cognitive and physical functions. Methods The design is a single-blind randomized controlled study. Twenty-one participants were randomly assigned to a normal water-based exercise (Nor-WE) group or a cognitive water-based exercise (Cog-WE) group. The exercise sessions were divided into two exercise series: a 10-min series of land-based warm-up, consisting of flexibility exercises, and a 50-min series of exercises in water. The Nor-WE consisted of 10 min of walking, 30 min of strength and stepping exercise, including stride over, and 10 min of stretching and relaxation in water. The Cog-WE consisted of 10 min of walking, 30 min of water-cognitive exercises, and 10 min of stretching and relaxation in water. Cognitive function, physical function, and ADL were measured before the exercise intervention (pre-intervention) and 10 weeks after the intervention (post-intervention). Results Participation in the Cog-WE performed significantly better on the pegboard test and the choice stepping reaction test and showed a significantly improved attention, memory, and learning, and in the general cognitive function (measured as the total score in the 5-Cog test). Participation in the Nor-WE dramatically improved walking ability and lower limb muscle strength. Conclusion Our results reveal that the benefits elderly adults may obtain from water-based exercise depend on the characteristics of each specific exercise program. These findings highlight the importance of prescription for personalized water-based exercises to elderly adults to improve cognitive function.</description><subject>Adult</subject><subject>Aged</subject><subject>Aged, 80 and over</subject><subject>Cognition</subject><subject>Cognitive ability</subject><subject>Exercise - physiology</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Geriatrics/Gerontology</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Medicine</subject><subject>Medicine &amp; Public Health</subject><subject>Middle Aged</subject><subject>Original Article</subject><subject>Single-Blind Method</subject><subject>Walking</subject><subject>Walking - physiology</subject><subject>Water</subject><issn>1720-8319</issn><issn>1594-0667</issn><issn>1720-8319</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2015</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><recordid>eNp1UdtKAzEQDaLYWv0AXyTgiy-ruWz28ij1CoIv-hyyyaSmbHdrklX796a0XhCEMJmZnDkTzkHomJJzSkh5EXIiGMkIzTPCBMvqHTSmZepUnNa7v_IROghhTkhOU7GPRiyvC1EJMUbmylkLHrroVIsh5ToG3Fv8riL4rFEBDIYP8NoFwH2H4wtg3c86F90bYDt0OrrUdutjYAkpdBFDa8C3K6zM0MZwiPasagMcbe8Jer65fpreZQ-Pt_fTy4dMC1LFrABuWN0Aa6glZSWapq6o5QURqiqEViIvDOGKspISrhvKSA1G6zK3lnNbFXyCzja8S9-_DhCiXLigoW1VB_0QJC0KQZNQJUvQ0z_QeT_4Lv1OMp5XddJJrAnpBqV9H4IHK5feLZRfSUrk2gK5sUAmC-TaAlmnmZMt89AswHxPfGmeAGwDCOmpm4H_Wf0_6yci8ZFD</recordid><startdate>20150401</startdate><enddate>20150401</enddate><creator>Sato, Daisuke</creator><creator>Seko, Chihiro</creator><creator>Hashitomi, Tatsuya</creator><creator>Sengoku, Yasuo</creator><creator>Nomura, Takeo</creator><general>Springer International Publishing</general><general>Springer Nature B.V</general><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>7X8</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20150401</creationdate><title>Differential effects of water-based exercise on the cognitive function in independent elderly adults</title><author>Sato, Daisuke ; Seko, Chihiro ; Hashitomi, Tatsuya ; Sengoku, Yasuo ; Nomura, Takeo</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c508t-6e3d29be2b1f0785bb981f3605a865ca546d03a127103cb1209edcc74ff33f863</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2015</creationdate><topic>Adult</topic><topic>Aged</topic><topic>Aged, 80 and over</topic><topic>Cognition</topic><topic>Cognitive ability</topic><topic>Exercise - physiology</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Geriatrics/Gerontology</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Medicine</topic><topic>Medicine &amp; Public Health</topic><topic>Middle Aged</topic><topic>Original Article</topic><topic>Single-Blind Method</topic><topic>Walking</topic><topic>Walking - physiology</topic><topic>Water</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Sato, Daisuke</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Seko, Chihiro</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hashitomi, Tatsuya</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Sengoku, Yasuo</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nomura, Takeo</creatorcontrib><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Health &amp; Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Health &amp; Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>Health &amp; Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central China</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>Aging clinical and experimental research</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Sato, Daisuke</au><au>Seko, Chihiro</au><au>Hashitomi, Tatsuya</au><au>Sengoku, Yasuo</au><au>Nomura, Takeo</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Differential effects of water-based exercise on the cognitive function in independent elderly adults</atitle><jtitle>Aging clinical and experimental research</jtitle><stitle>Aging Clin Exp Res</stitle><addtitle>Aging Clin Exp Res</addtitle><date>2015-04-01</date><risdate>2015</risdate><volume>27</volume><issue>2</issue><spage>149</spage><epage>159</epage><pages>149-159</pages><issn>1720-8319</issn><issn>1594-0667</issn><eissn>1720-8319</eissn><abstract>Background Physical exercise has been reported to be the most effective method to improve cognitive function and brain health, but there is as yet no research on the effect of water-based exercise. Aims The aim of the present study was to compare the effects of water-based exercise with and without cognitive stimuli on cognitive and physical functions. Methods The design is a single-blind randomized controlled study. Twenty-one participants were randomly assigned to a normal water-based exercise (Nor-WE) group or a cognitive water-based exercise (Cog-WE) group. The exercise sessions were divided into two exercise series: a 10-min series of land-based warm-up, consisting of flexibility exercises, and a 50-min series of exercises in water. The Nor-WE consisted of 10 min of walking, 30 min of strength and stepping exercise, including stride over, and 10 min of stretching and relaxation in water. The Cog-WE consisted of 10 min of walking, 30 min of water-cognitive exercises, and 10 min of stretching and relaxation in water. Cognitive function, physical function, and ADL were measured before the exercise intervention (pre-intervention) and 10 weeks after the intervention (post-intervention). Results Participation in the Cog-WE performed significantly better on the pegboard test and the choice stepping reaction test and showed a significantly improved attention, memory, and learning, and in the general cognitive function (measured as the total score in the 5-Cog test). Participation in the Nor-WE dramatically improved walking ability and lower limb muscle strength. Conclusion Our results reveal that the benefits elderly adults may obtain from water-based exercise depend on the characteristics of each specific exercise program. These findings highlight the importance of prescription for personalized water-based exercises to elderly adults to improve cognitive function.</abstract><cop>Cham</cop><pub>Springer International Publishing</pub><pmid>24965855</pmid><doi>10.1007/s40520-014-0252-9</doi><tpages>11</tpages></addata></record>
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source MEDLINE; SpringerLink Journals - AutoHoldings
subjects Adult
Aged
Aged, 80 and over
Cognition
Cognitive ability
Exercise - physiology
Female
Geriatrics/Gerontology
Humans
Male
Medicine
Medicine & Public Health
Middle Aged
Original Article
Single-Blind Method
Walking
Walking - physiology
Water
title Differential effects of water-based exercise on the cognitive function in independent elderly adults
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