An environmentally conscious robust closed-loop supply chain design

Strategic network planning activities of national and even more of multinational companies are recently influenced by an increasing number of laws and regulations regarding environmental issues. On top of that non-governmental bodies pose additional pressures on companies to comply with environmental as well as social standards. Therefore, this paper presents a multi-objective and robust optimization-based closed-loop supply chain design model. In the objective function both expected total costs as well as carbon dioxide equivalents (CO 2 e) are to be minimized. Customer demands and used-product return ratio are considered to be uncertain. The model supports the decision makers to better understand the influence of parameters and their values as well as the interrelationship between these when deciding on the structure of the entire value chain.