FoF1-ATP synthase of Streptomyces fradiae ATCC 19609: Structural, biochemical, and functional characterization

The patterns of protein phosphorylation in inverted membrane vesicles from the strain Streptomyces fradiae ATCC 19609 were investigated to elucidate the mechanisms of regulation of bacterial membrane bound F o F 1 -ATP synthase. We found for the first time by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry that the β- and b-subunits of the F o F 1 -ATP synthase complex undergo phosphorylation; 20 proteins with known functions were identified. All eight subunits of F o F 1 -ATP synthase, i.e. α, β, γ, δ, ɛ, a, b, and c, were cloned into Escherichia coli and expressed as recombinant proteins. Using a crude preparation of serine/threonine protein kinases, we demonstrated the phosphorylation of recombinant γ-, β-, α- and ɛ-subunits. The β-subunit was phosphorylated both as a recombinant protein and in vesicles. Differential phosphorylation of membrane-bound and recombinant proteins can be attributed to different pools of protein kinases in each preparation; in addition, certain steps of F o F 1 -ATP synthase assembly and function might be accompanied by individual phosphorylation patterns. The structure of the operon containing all subunits and regulatory protein I was identified. The phylogenetic similarity of F o F 1 -ATP synthase from Streptomyces fradiae ATCC 19609 with the respective proteins in saprophytic and pathogenic (including Mycobacterium tuberculosis ) bacteria was investigated. Thus, bacterial serine/threonine protein kinases are important for the regulation of F o F 1 -ATP synthase. From the practical standpoint, our results provide a basis for designing targeted antibacterial drugs.