Species-specific differences in the operational RNA code for aminoacylation of tRNA super(Pro)

An operational RNA code relates amino acids to specific structural features located in tRNA acceptor stems. In contrast to the universal nature of the genetic code, the operational RNA code can vary in evolution due to coadaptations of the contacts between aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases and the acceptor stems of their cognate tRNA substrates. Here we demonstrate that, for class II prolyl-tRNA synthetase (ProRS), functional coadaptations have occurred in going from the bacterial to the human enzyme. Analysis of 20 ProRS sequences that cover all three taxonomic domains (bacteria, eucarya, and archaea) revealed that the sequences are divided into two evolutionarily distant groups. Aminoacylation assays showed that, while anticodon recognition has been maintained through evolution, significant changes in acceptor stem recognition have occurred. Whereas all tRNA super(Pro) sequences from bacteria strictly conserve A73 and C1-G72, all available cytoplasmic eukaryotic tRNA super(Pro) sequences have a C73 and a G1-C72 base pair. In contrast to the Escherichia coli synthetase, the human enzyme does not use these elements as major recognition determinants, since mutations at these positions have only small effects on cognate synthetase charging. Additionally, E. coli tRNA super(Pro) is a poor substrate for human ProRS, and the presence of the human anticodon-D stem biloop domain was necessary and sufficient to confer efficient aminoacylation by human ProRS on a chimeric tRNA super(Pro) containing the E. coli acceptor-T psi C stem-loop domain. Our data suggest that the two ProRS groups may reflect coadaptations needed to accommodate changes in the operational RNA code for proline.